{
  'ARRAY - Functions for real @ARRAYs' => {
    'each' => {
      'desc' => 'retrieve the next key/value pair from a hash',
      'usage' => [
        'each HASH',
        'each ARRAY',
        'each EXPR'
      ]
    },
    'keys' => {
      'desc' => 'retrieve list of indices from a hash',
      'usage' => [
        'keys HASH',
        'keys ARRAY',
        'keys EXPR'
      ]
    },
    'pop' => {
      'desc' => 'remove the last element from an array and return it',
      'usage' => [
        'pop ARRAY',
        'pop EXPR',
        'pop'
      ]
    },
    'push' => {
      'desc' => 'append one or more elements to an array',
      'usage' => [
        'push ARRAY,LIST',
        'push EXPR,LIST'
      ]
    },
    'shift' => {
      'desc' => 'remove the first element of an array, and return it',
      'usage' => [
        'shift ARRAY',
        'shift EXPR',
        'shift'
      ]
    },
    'splice' => {
      'desc' => 'add or remove elements anywhere in an array',
      'usage' => [
        'splice ARRAY or EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST',
        'splice ARRAY or EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH',
        'splice ARRAY or EXPR,OFFSET',
        'splice ARRAY or EXPR'
      ]
    },
    'unshift' => {
      'desc' => 'prepend more elements to the beginning of a list',
      'usage' => [
        'unshift ARRAY,LIST',
        'unshift EXPR,LIST'
      ]
    },
    'values' => {
      'desc' => 'return a list of the values in a hash',
      'usage' => [
        'values HASH',
        'values ARRAY',
        'values EXPR'
      ]
    }
  },
  'Binary - Functions for fixed-length data or records' => {
    'pack' => {
      'desc' => 'convert a list into a binary representation',
      'usage' => [
        'pack TEMPLATE,LIST'
      ]
    },
    'read' => {
      'desc' => 'fixed-length buffered input from a filehandle',
      'usage' => [
        'read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET',
        'read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH'
      ]
    },
    'syscall' => {
      'desc' => 'execute an arbitrary system call',
      'usage' => [
        'syscall NUMBER, LIST'
      ]
    },
    'sysread' => {
      'desc' => 'fixed-length unbuffered input from a filehandle',
      'usage' => [
        'sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET',
        'sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH'
      ]
    },
    'sysseek' => {
      'desc' => 'position I/O pointer on handle used with sysread and 
+syswrite',
      'usage' => [
        'sysseek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE'
      ]
    },
    'syswrite' => {
      'desc' => 'fixed-length unbuffered output to a filehandle',
      'usage' => [
        'syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET',
        'syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH',
        'syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR'
      ]
    },
    'unpack' => {
      'desc' => 'convert binary structure into normal perl variables',
      'usage' => [
        'unpack TEMPLATE,EXPR',
        'unpack TEMPLATE'
      ]
    },
    'vec' => {
      'desc' => 'test or set particular bits in a string',
      'usage' => [
        'vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS'
      ]
    }
  },
  'File - Functions for filehandles, files, or directories' => {
    '-X' => {
      'desc' => 'a file test (-r, -x, etc)',
      'usage' => [
        '-X FILEHANDLE',
        '-X EXPR',
        '-X DIRHANDLE',
        '-X'
      ]
    },
    'chdir' => {
      'desc' => 'change your current working directory',
      'usage' => [
        'chdir EXPR',
        'chdir FILEHANDLE',
        'chdir DIRHANDLE',
        'chdir'
      ]
    },
    'chmod' => {
      'desc' => 'changes the permissions on a list of files',
      'usage' => [
        'chmod LIST'
      ]
    },
    'chown' => {
      'desc' => 'change the ownership on a list of files',
      'usage' => [
        'chown LIST'
      ]
    },
    'chroot' => {
      'desc' => 'make directory new root for path lookups',
      'usage' => [
        'chroot FILENAME',
        'chroot'
      ]
    },
    'fcntl' => {
      'desc' => 'file control system call',
      'usage' => [
        'fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR'
      ]
    },
    'glob' => {
      'desc' => 'expand filenames using wildcards',
      'usage' => [
        'glob EXPR',
        'glob'
      ]
    },
    'ioctl' => {
      'desc' => 'system-dependent device control system call',
      'usage' => [
        'ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR'
      ]
    },
    'link' => {
      'desc' => 'create a hard link in the filesystem',
      'usage' => [
        'link OLDFILE,NEWFILE'
      ]
    },
    'lstat' => {
      'desc' => 'stat a symbolic link',
      'usage' => [
        'lstat FILEHANDLE',
        'lstat EXPR',
        'lstat DIRHANDLE',
        'lstat'
      ]
    },
    'mkdir' => {
      'desc' => 'create a directory',
      'usage' => [
        'mkdir FILENAME,MASK',
        'mkdir FILENAME',
        'mkdir'
      ]
    },
    'open' => {
      'desc' => 'open a file, pipe, or descriptor',
      'usage' => [
        'open FILEHANDLE,EXPR',
        'open FILEHANDLE,MODE,EXPR',
        'open FILEHANDLE,MODE,EXPR,LIST',
        'open FILEHANDLE,MODE,REFERENCE',
        'open FILEHANDLE'
      ]
    },
    'opendir' => {
      'desc' => 'open a directory',
      'usage' => [
        'opendir DIRHANDLE,EXPR'
      ]
    },
    'readlink' => {
      'desc' => 'determine where a symbolic link is pointing',
      'usage' => [
        'readlink EXPR',
        'readlink'
      ]
    },
    'rename' => {
      'desc' => 'change a filename',
      'usage' => [
        'rename OLDNAME,NEWNAME'
      ]
    },
    'rmdir' => {
      'desc' => 'remove a directory',
      'usage' => [
        'rmdir FILENAME',
        'rmdir'
      ]
    },
    'stat' => {
      'desc' => 'get a file\'s status information',
      'usage' => [
        'stat FILEHANDLE',
        'stat EXPR',
        'stat DIRHANDLE',
        'stat'
      ]
    },
    'symlink' => {
      'desc' => 'create a symbolic link to a file',
      'usage' => [
        'symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE'
      ]
    },
    'sysopen' => {
      'desc' => 'open a file, pipe, or descriptor',
      'usage' => [
        'sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE',
        'sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS'
      ]
    },
    'umask' => {
      'desc' => 'set file creation mode mask',
      'usage' => [
        'umask EXPR',
        'umask'
      ]
    },
    'unlink' => {
      'desc' => 'remove one link to a file',
      'usage' => [
        'unlink LIST',
        'unlink'
      ]
    },
    'utime' => {
      'desc' => 'set a file\'s last access and modify times',
      'usage' => [
        'utime LIST'
      ]
    }
  },
  'Flow - Keywords related to the control flow of your Perl program' =
+> {
    '__FILE__' => {
      'desc' => 'the name of the current source file',
      'usage' => [
        '__FILE__'
      ]
    },
    '__LINE__' => {
      'desc' => 'the current source line number',
      'usage' => [
        '__LINE__'
      ]
    },
    '__PACKAGE__' => {
      'desc' => 'the current package',
      'usage' => [
        '__PACKAGE__'
      ]
    },
    '__SUB__' => {
      'desc' => 'the current subroutine, or C<undef> if not in a subro
+utine',
      'usage' => [
        '__SUB__'
      ]
    },
    'break' => {
      'desc' => 'break out of a C<given> block',
      'usage' => [
        'break'
      ]
    },
    'caller' => {
      'desc' => 'get context of the current subroutine call',
      'usage' => [
        'caller EXPR',
        'caller'
      ]
    },
    'continue' => {
      'desc' => 'optional trailing block in a while or foreach',
      'usage' => [
        'continue BLOCK',
        'continue'
      ]
    },
    'die' => {
      'desc' => 'raise an exception or bail out',
      'usage' => [
        'die LIST'
      ]
    },
    'do' => {
      'desc' => 'turn a BLOCK into a TERM',
      'usage' => [
        'do BLOCK'
      ]
    },
    'dump' => {
      'desc' => 'create an immediate core dump',
      'usage' => [
        'dump LABEL',
        'dump'
      ]
    },
    'eval' => {
      'desc' => 'catch exceptions or compile and run code',
      'usage' => [
        'eval EXPR',
        'eval BLOCK',
        'eval'
      ]
    },
    'evalbytes' => {
      'desc' => 'similar to string eval, but intend to parse a bytestr
+eam',
      'usage' => [
        'evalbytes EXPR',
        'evalbytes'
      ]
    },
    'exit' => {
      'desc' => 'terminate this program',
      'usage' => [
        'exit EXPR',
        'exit'
      ]
    },
    'goto' => {
      'desc' => 'create spaghetti code',
      'usage' => [
        'goto LABEL',
        'goto EXPR',
        'goto &NAME'
      ]
    },
    'last' => {
      'desc' => 'exit a block prematurely',
      'usage' => [
        'last LABEL',
        'last'
      ]
    },
    'next' => {
      'desc' => 'iterate a block prematurely',
      'usage' => [
        'next LABEL',
        'next'
      ]
    },
    'redo' => {
      'desc' => 'start this loop iteration over again',
      'usage' => [
        'redo LABEL',
        'redo'
      ]
    },
    'return' => {
      'desc' => 'get out of a function early',
      'usage' => [
        'return EXPR',
        'return'
      ]
    },
    'sub' => {
      'desc' => 'declare a subroutine, possibly anonymously',
      'usage' => [
        'sub NAME BLOCK',
        'sub NAME (PROTO) BLOCK',
        'sub NAME : ATTRS BLOCK',
        'sub NAME (PROTO) : ATTRS BLOCK'
      ]
    },
    'wantarray' => {
      'desc' => 'get void vs scalar vs list context of current subrout
+ine call',
      'usage' => [
        'wantarray'
      ]
    }
  },
  'HASH - Functions for real %HASHes' => {
    'delete' => {
      'desc' => 'deletes a value from a hash',
      'usage' => [
        'delete EXPR'
      ]
    },
    'each' => {
      'desc' => 'retrieve the next key/value pair from a hash',
      'usage' => [
        'each HASH',
        'each ARRAY',
        'each EXPR'
      ]
    },
    'exists' => {
      'desc' => 'test whether a hash key is present',
      'usage' => [
        'exists EXPR'
      ]
    },
    'keys' => {
      'desc' => 'retrieve list of indices from a hash',
      'usage' => [
        'keys HASH',
        'keys ARRAY',
        'keys EXPR'
      ]
    },
    'values' => {
      'desc' => 'return a list of the values in a hash',
      'usage' => [
        'values HASH',
        'values ARRAY',
        'values EXPR'
      ]
    }
  },
  'I/O - Input and output functions' => {
    'binmode' => {
      'desc' => 'prepare binary files for I/O',
      'usage' => [
        'binmode FILEHANDLE, LAYER',
        'binmode FILEHANDLE'
      ]
    },
    'close' => {
      'desc' => 'close file (or pipe or socket) handle',
      'usage' => [
        'close FILEHANDLE',
        'close'
      ]
    },
    'closedir' => {
      'desc' => 'close directory handle',
      'usage' => [
        'closedir DIRHANDLE'
      ]
    },
    'dbmclose' => {
      'desc' => 'breaks binding on a tied dbm file',
      'usage' => [
        'dbmclose HASH'
      ]
    },
    'dbmopen' => {
      'desc' => 'create binding on a tied dbm file',
      'usage' => [
        'dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK'
      ]
    },
    'die' => {
      'desc' => 'raise an exception or bail out',
      'usage' => [
        'die LIST'
      ]
    },
    'eof' => {
      'desc' => 'test a filehandle for its end',
      'usage' => [
        'eof FILEHANDLE',
        'eof ()',
        'eof'
      ]
    },
    'fileno' => {
      'desc' => 'return file descriptor from filehandle',
      'usage' => [
        'fileno FILEHANDLE'
      ]
    },
    'flock' => {
      'desc' => 'lock an entire file with an advisory lock',
      'usage' => [
        'flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION'
      ]
    },
    'format' => {
      'desc' => 'declare a picture format with use by the write() func
+tion',
      'usage' => [
        'format'
      ]
    },
    'getc' => {
      'desc' => 'get the next character from the filehandle',
      'usage' => [
        'getc FILEHANDLE',
        'getc'
      ]
    },
    'print' => {
      'desc' => 'output a list to a filehandle',
      'usage' => [
        'print FILEHANDLE LIST',
        'print FILEHANDLE',
        'print LIST',
        'print'
      ]
    },
    'printf' => {
      'desc' => 'output a formatted list to a filehandle',
      'usage' => [
        'printf FILEHANDLE FORMAT, LIST',
        'printf FILEHANDLE',
        'printf FORMAT, LIST',
        'printf'
      ]
    },
    'read' => {
      'desc' => 'fixed-length buffered input from a filehandle',
      'usage' => [
        'read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET',
        'read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH'
      ]
    },
    'readdir' => {
      'desc' => 'get a directory from a directory handle',
      'usage' => [
        'readdir DIRHANDLE'
      ]
    },
    'readline' => {
      'desc' => 'fetch a record from a file',
      'usage' => [
        'readline EXPR',
        'readline'
      ]
    },
    'rewinddir' => {
      'desc' => 'reset directory handle',
      'usage' => [
        'rewinddir DIRHANDLE'
      ]
    },
    'say' => {
      'desc' => 'output a list to a filehandle, appending a newline',
      'usage' => [
        'say FILEHANDLE LIST',
        'say FILEHANDLE',
        'say LIST',
        'say'
      ]
    },
    'seek' => {
      'desc' => 'reposition file pointer for random-access I/O',
      'usage' => [
        'seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE'
      ]
    },
    'seekdir' => {
      'desc' => 'reposition directory pointer',
      'usage' => [
        'seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS'
      ]
    },
    'select' => {
      'desc' => 'reset default output or do I/O multiplexing',
      'usage' => [
        'select FILEHANDLE',
        'select'
      ]
    },
    'syscall' => {
      'desc' => 'execute an arbitrary system call',
      'usage' => [
        'syscall NUMBER, LIST'
      ]
    },
    'sysread' => {
      'desc' => 'fixed-length unbuffered input from a filehandle',
      'usage' => [
        'sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET',
        'sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH'
      ]
    },
    'sysseek' => {
      'desc' => 'position I/O pointer on handle used with sysread and 
+syswrite',
      'usage' => [
        'sysseek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE'
      ]
    },
    'syswrite' => {
      'desc' => 'fixed-length unbuffered output to a filehandle',
      'usage' => [
        'syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET',
        'syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH',
        'syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR'
      ]
    },
    'tell' => {
      'desc' => 'get current seekpointer on a filehandle',
      'usage' => [
        'tell FILEHANDLE',
        'tell'
      ]
    },
    'telldir' => {
      'desc' => 'get current seekpointer on a directory handle',
      'usage' => [
        'telldir DIRHANDLE'
      ]
    },
    'truncate' => {
      'desc' => 'shorten a file',
      'usage' => [
        'truncate FILEHANDLE,LENGTH',
        'truncate EXPR,LENGTH'
      ]
    },
    'warn' => {
      'desc' => 'print debugging info',
      'usage' => [
        'warn LIST'
      ]
    },
    'write' => {
      'desc' => 'print a picture record',
      'usage' => [
        'write FILEHANDLE',
        'write EXPR',
        'write'
      ]
    }
  },
  'LIST - Functions for list data' => {
    'grep' => {
      'desc' => 'locate elements in a list test true against a given c
+riterion',
      'usage' => [
        'grep BLOCK LIST',
        'grep EXPR,LIST'
      ]
    },
    'join' => {
      'desc' => 'join a list into a string using a separator',
      'usage' => [
        'join EXPR,LIST'
      ]
    },
    'map' => {
      'desc' => 'apply a change to a list to get back a new list with 
+the changes',
      'usage' => [
        'map BLOCK LIST',
        'map EXPR,LIST'
      ]
    },
    'qw/STRING/' => {
      'desc' => 'quote a list of words',
      'usage' => [
        'qw/STRING/'
      ]
    },
    'reverse' => {
      'desc' => 'flip a string or a list',
      'usage' => [
        'reverse LIST'
      ]
    },
    'sort' => {
      'desc' => 'sort a list of values',
      'usage' => [
        'sort SUBNAME LIST',
        'sort BLOCK LIST',
        'sort LIST'
      ]
    },
    'unpack' => {
      'desc' => 'convert binary structure into normal perl variables',
      'usage' => [
        'unpack TEMPLATE,EXPR',
        'unpack TEMPLATE'
      ]
    }
  },
  'Math - Numeric functions' => {
    'abs' => {
      'desc' => 'absolute value function',
      'usage' => [
        'abs VALUE',
        'abs'
      ]
    },
    'atan2' => {
      'desc' => 'arctangent of Y/X in the range -PI to PI',
      'usage' => [
        'atan2 Y,X'
      ]
    },
    'cos' => {
      'desc' => 'cosine function',
      'usage' => [
        'cos EXPR',
        'cos'
      ]
    },
    'exp' => {
      'desc' => 'raise I<e> to a power',
      'usage' => [
        'exp EXPR',
        'exp'
      ]
    },
    'hex' => {
      'desc' => 'convert a string to a hexadecimal number',
      'usage' => [
        'hex EXPR',
        'hex'
      ]
    },
    'int' => {
      'desc' => 'get the integer portion of a number',
      'usage' => [
        'int EXPR',
        'int'
      ]
    },
    'log' => {
      'desc' => 'retrieve the natural logarithm for a number',
      'usage' => [
        'log EXPR',
        'log'
      ]
    },
    'oct' => {
      'desc' => 'convert a string to an octal number',
      'usage' => [
        'oct EXPR',
        'oct'
      ]
    },
    'rand' => {
      'desc' => 'retrieve the next pseudorandom number',
      'usage' => [
        'rand EXPR',
        'rand'
      ]
    },
    'sin' => {
      'desc' => 'return the sine of a number',
      'usage' => [
        'sin EXPR',
        'sin'
      ]
    },
    'sqrt' => {
      'desc' => 'square root function',
      'usage' => [
        'sqrt EXPR',
        'sqrt'
      ]
    },
    'srand' => {
      'desc' => 'seed the random number generator',
      'usage' => [
        'srand EXPR',
        'srand'
      ]
    }
  },
  'Misc - Miscellaneous functions' => {
    'defined' => {
      'desc' => 'test whether a value, variable, or function is define
+d',
      'usage' => [
        'defined EXPR',
        'defined'
      ]
    },
    'formline' => {
      'desc' => 'internal function used for formats',
      'usage' => [
        'formline PICTURE,LIST'
      ]
    },
    'lock' => {
      'desc' => 'get a thread lock on a variable, subroutine, or metho
+d',
      'usage' => [
        'lock THING'
      ]
    },
    'prototype' => {
      'desc' => 'get the prototype (if any) of a subroutine',
      'usage' => [
        'prototype FUNCTION'
      ]
    },
    'reset' => {
      'desc' => 'clear all variables of a given name',
      'usage' => [
        'reset EXPR',
        'reset'
      ]
    },
    'scalar' => {
      'desc' => 'force a scalar context',
      'usage' => [
        'scalar EXPR'
      ]
    },
    'undef' => {
      'desc' => 'remove a variable or function definition',
      'usage' => [
        'undef EXPR',
        'undef'
      ]
    }
  },
  'Modules - Keywords related to Perl modules' => {
    'do' => {
      'desc' => 'turn a BLOCK into a TERM',
      'usage' => [
        'do BLOCK'
      ]
    },
    'import' => {
      'desc' => 'patch a module\'s namespace into your own',
      'usage' => [
        'import LIST'
      ]
    },
    'no' => {
      'desc' => 'unimport some module symbols or semantics at compile 
+time',
      'usage' => [
        'no MODULE VERSION LIST',
        'no MODULE VERSION',
        'no MODULE LIST',
        'no MODULE',
        'no VERSION'
      ]
    },
    'package' => {
      'desc' => 'declare a separate global namespace',
      'usage' => [
        'package NAMESPACE',
        'package NAMESPACE VERSION',
        'package NAMESPACE BLOCK',
        'package NAMESPACE VERSION BLOCK'
      ]
    },
    'require' => {
      'desc' => 'load in external functions from a library at runtime'
+,
      'usage' => [
        'require VERSION',
        'require EXPR',
        'require'
      ]
    },
    'use' => {
      'desc' => 'load in a module at compile time and import its names
+pace',
      'usage' => [
        'use Module VERSION LIST',
        'use Module VERSION',
        'use Module LIST',
        'use Module',
        'use VERSION'
      ]
    }
  },
  'Namespace - Keywords related to scoping' => {
    'caller' => {
      'desc' => 'get context of the current subroutine call',
      'usage' => [
        'caller EXPR',
        'caller'
      ]
    },
    'import' => {
      'desc' => 'patch a module\'s namespace into your own',
      'usage' => [
        'import LIST'
      ]
    },
    'local' => {
      'desc' => 'create a temporary value for a global variable (dynam
+ic scoping)',
      'usage' => [
        'local EXPR'
      ]
    },
    'my' => {
      'desc' => 'declare and assign a local variable (lexical scoping)
+',
      'usage' => [
        'my EXPR',
        'my TYPE EXPR',
        'my EXPR : ATTRS',
        'my TYPE EXPR : ATTRS'
      ]
    },
    'our' => {
      'desc' => 'declare and assign a package variable (lexical scopin
+g)',
      'usage' => [
        'our EXPR',
        'our TYPE EXPR',
        'our EXPR : ATTRS',
        'our TYPE EXPR : ATTRS'
      ]
    },
    'package' => {
      'desc' => 'declare a separate global namespace',
      'usage' => [
        'package NAMESPACE',
        'package NAMESPACE VERSION',
        'package NAMESPACE BLOCK',
        'package NAMESPACE VERSION BLOCK'
      ]
    },
    'state' => {
      'desc' => 'declare and assign a persistent lexical variable',
      'usage' => [
        'state EXPR',
        'state TYPE EXPR',
        'state EXPR : ATTRS',
        'state TYPE EXPR : ATTRS'
      ]
    },
    'use' => {
      'desc' => 'load in a module at compile time and import its names
+pace',
      'usage' => [
        'use Module VERSION LIST',
        'use Module VERSION',
        'use Module LIST',
        'use Module',
        'use VERSION'
      ]
    }
  },
  'Network - Fetching network info' => {
    'endprotoent' => {
      'desc' => 'be done using protocols file',
      'usage' => [
        'endprotoent'
      ]
    },
    'endservent' => {
      'desc' => 'be done using services file',
      'usage' => [
        'endservent'
      ]
    },
    'gethostbyaddr' => {
      'desc' => 'get host record given its address',
      'usage' => [
        'gethostbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE'
      ]
    },
    'gethostbyname' => {
      'desc' => 'get host record given name',
      'usage' => [
        'gethostbyname NAME'
      ]
    },
    'gethostent' => {
      'desc' => 'get next hosts record',
      'usage' => [
        'gethostent'
      ]
    },
    'getnetbyaddr' => {
      'desc' => 'get network record given its address',
      'usage' => [
        'getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE'
      ]
    },
    'getnetbyname' => {
      'desc' => 'get networks record given name',
      'usage' => [
        'getnetbyname NAME'
      ]
    },
    'getnetent' => {
      'desc' => 'get next networks record',
      'usage' => [
        'getnetent'
      ]
    },
    'getprotobyname' => {
      'desc' => 'get protocol record given name',
      'usage' => [
        'getprotobyname NAME'
      ]
    },
    'getprotobynumber' => {
      'desc' => 'get protocol record numeric protocol',
      'usage' => [
        'getprotobynumber NUMBER'
      ]
    },
    'getprotoent' => {
      'desc' => 'get next protocols record',
      'usage' => [
        'getprotoent'
      ]
    },
    'getservbyname' => {
      'desc' => 'get services record given its name',
      'usage' => [
        'getservbyname NAME,PROTO'
      ]
    },
    'getservbyport' => {
      'desc' => 'get services record given numeric port',
      'usage' => [
        'getservbyport PORT,PROTO'
      ]
    },
    'getservent' => {
      'desc' => 'get next services record',
      'usage' => [
        'getservent'
      ]
    },
    'sethostent' => {
      'desc' => 'prepare hosts file for use',
      'usage' => [
        'sethostent STAYOPEN'
      ]
    },
    'setnetent' => {
      'desc' => 'prepare networks file for use',
      'usage' => [
        'setnetent STAYOPEN'
      ]
    },
    'setprotoent' => {
      'desc' => 'prepare protocols file for use',
      'usage' => [
        'setprotoent STAYOPEN'
      ]
    },
    'setservent' => {
      'desc' => 'prepare services file for use',
      'usage' => [
        'setservent STAYOPEN'
      ]
    }
  },
  'Objects - Keywords related to classes and object-orientation' => {
    'bless' => {
      'desc' => 'create an object',
      'usage' => [
        'bless REF,CLASSNAME',
        'bless REF'
      ]
    },
    'dbmclose' => {
      'desc' => 'breaks binding on a tied dbm file',
      'usage' => [
        'dbmclose HASH'
      ]
    },
    'dbmopen' => {
      'desc' => 'create binding on a tied dbm file',
      'usage' => [
        'dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK'
      ]
    },
    'package' => {
      'desc' => 'declare a separate global namespace',
      'usage' => [
        'package NAMESPACE',
        'package NAMESPACE VERSION',
        'package NAMESPACE BLOCK',
        'package NAMESPACE VERSION BLOCK'
      ]
    },
    'ref' => {
      'desc' => 'find out the type of thing being referenced',
      'usage' => [
        'ref EXPR',
        'ref'
      ]
    },
    'tie' => {
      'desc' => 'bind a variable to an object class',
      'usage' => [
        'tie VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST'
      ]
    },
    'tied' => {
      'desc' => 'get a reference to the object underlying a tied varia
+ble',
      'usage' => [
        'tied VARIABLE'
      ]
    },
    'untie' => {
      'desc' => 'break a tie binding to a variable',
      'usage' => [
        'untie VARIABLE'
      ]
    },
    'use' => {
      'desc' => 'load in a module at compile time and import its names
+pace',
      'usage' => [
        'use Module VERSION LIST',
        'use Module VERSION',
        'use Module LIST',
        'use Module',
        'use VERSION'
      ]
    }
  },
  'Process - Functions for processes and process groups' => {
    'alarm' => {
      'desc' => 'schedule a SIGALRM',
      'usage' => [
        'alarm SECONDS',
        'alarm'
      ]
    },
    'exec' => {
      'desc' => 'abandon this program to run another',
      'usage' => [
        'exec LIST',
        'exec PROGRAM LIST'
      ]
    },
    'fork' => {
      'desc' => 'create a new process just like this one',
      'usage' => [
        'fork'
      ]
    },
    'getpgrp' => {
      'desc' => 'get process group',
      'usage' => [
        'getpgrp PID'
      ]
    },
    'getppid' => {
      'desc' => 'get parent process ID',
      'usage' => [
        'getppid'
      ]
    },
    'getpriority' => {
      'desc' => 'get current nice value',
      'usage' => [
        'getpriority WHICH,WHO'
      ]
    },
    'kill' => {
      'desc' => 'send a signal to a process or process group',
      'usage' => [
        'kill SIGNAL, LIST',
        'kill SIGNAL'
      ]
    },
    'pipe' => {
      'desc' => 'open a pair of connected filehandles',
      'usage' => [
        'pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE'
      ]
    },
    'qx/STRING/' => {
      'desc' => 'backquote quote a string',
      'usage' => [
        'qx/STRING/'
      ]
    },
    'readpipe' => {
      'desc' => 'execute a system command and collect standard output'
+,
      'usage' => [
        'readpipe EXPR',
        'readpipe'
      ]
    },
    'setpgrp' => {
      'desc' => 'set the process group of a process',
      'usage' => [
        'setpgrp PID,PGRP'
      ]
    },
    'setpriority' => {
      'desc' => 'set a process\'s nice value',
      'usage' => [
        'setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY'
      ]
    },
    'sleep' => {
      'desc' => 'block for some number of seconds',
      'usage' => [
        'sleep EXPR',
        'sleep'
      ]
    },
    'system' => {
      'desc' => 'run a separate program',
      'usage' => [
        'system LIST',
        'system PROGRAM LIST'
      ]
    },
    'times' => {
      'desc' => 'return elapsed time for self and child processes',
      'usage' => [
        'times'
      ]
    },
    'wait' => {
      'desc' => 'wait for any child process to die',
      'usage' => [
        'wait'
      ]
    },
    'waitpid' => {
      'desc' => 'wait for  a particular child process to die',
      'usage' => [
        'waitpid PID,FLAGS'
      ]
    }
  },
  'Regexp - Regular expressions and pattern matching' => {
    'm//' => {
      'desc' => 'match a string with a regular expression pattern',
      'usage' => [
        'm/PATTERN/msixpodualgc'
      ]
    },
    'pos' => {
      'desc' => 'find or set the offset for the last/next m//g search'
+,
      'usage' => [
        'pos SCALAR',
        'pos'
      ]
    },
    'qr/STRING/' => {
      'desc' => 'compile pattern',
      'usage' => [
        'qr/STRING/msixpodual'
      ]
    },
    'quotemeta' => {
      'desc' => 'quote regular expression magic characters',
      'usage' => [
        'quotemeta EXPR',
        'quotemeta'
      ]
    },
    's///' => {
      'desc' => 'replace a pattern with a string',
      'usage' => []
    },
    'split' => {
      'desc' => 'split up a string using a regexp delimiter',
      'usage' => [
        'split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT',
        'split /PATTERN/,EXPR',
        'split /PATTERN/',
        'split'
      ]
    },
    'study' => {
      'desc' => 'optimize input data for repeated searches',
      'usage' => [
        'study SCALAR',
        'study'
      ]
    }
  },
  'Socket - Low-level socket functions' => {
    'accept' => {
      'desc' => 'accept an incoming socket connect',
      'usage' => [
        'accept NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET'
      ]
    },
    'bind' => {
      'desc' => 'binds an address to a socket',
      'usage' => [
        'bind SOCKET,NAME'
      ]
    },
    'connect' => {
      'desc' => 'connect to a remote socket',
      'usage' => [
        'connect SOCKET,NAME'
      ]
    },
    'getpeername' => {
      'desc' => 'find the other end of a socket connection',
      'usage' => [
        'getpeername SOCKET'
      ]
    },
    'getsockname' => {
      'desc' => 'retrieve the sockaddr for a given socket',
      'usage' => [
        'getsockname SOCKET'
      ]
    },
    'getsockopt' => {
      'desc' => 'get socket options on a given socket',
      'usage' => [
        'getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME'
      ]
    },
    'listen' => {
      'desc' => 'register your socket as a server',
      'usage' => [
        'listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE'
      ]
    },
    'recv' => {
      'desc' => 'receive a message over a Socket',
      'usage' => [
        'recv SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS'
      ]
    },
    'send' => {
      'desc' => 'send a message over a socket',
      'usage' => [
        'send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO',
        'send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS'
      ]
    },
    'setsockopt' => {
      'desc' => 'set some socket options',
      'usage' => [
        'setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL'
      ]
    },
    'shutdown' => {
      'desc' => 'close down just half of a socket connection',
      'usage' => [
        'shutdown SOCKET,HOW'
      ]
    },
    'socket' => {
      'desc' => 'create a socket',
      'usage' => [
        'socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL'
      ]
    },
    'socketpair' => {
      'desc' => 'create a pair of sockets',
      'usage' => [
        'socketpair SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL'
      ]
    }
  },
  'String - Functions for SCALARs or strings' => {
    'chomp' => {
      'desc' => 'remove a trailing record separator from a string',
      'usage' => [
        'chomp VARIABLE',
        'chomp( LIST )',
        'chomp'
      ]
    },
    'chop' => {
      'desc' => 'remove the last character from a string',
      'usage' => [
        'chop VARIABLE',
        'chop( LIST )',
        'chop'
      ]
    },
    'chr' => {
      'desc' => 'get character this number represents',
      'usage' => [
        'chr NUMBER',
        'chr'
      ]
    },
    'crypt' => {
      'desc' => 'one-way passwd-style encryption',
      'usage' => [
        'crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT'
      ]
    },
    'fc' => {
      'desc' => 'return casefolded version of a string',
      'usage' => [
        'fc EXPR',
        'fc'
      ]
    },
    'hex' => {
      'desc' => 'convert a string to a hexadecimal number',
      'usage' => [
        'hex EXPR',
        'hex'
      ]
    },
    'index' => {
      'desc' => 'find a substring within a string',
      'usage' => [
        'index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION',
        'index STR,SUBSTR'
      ]
    },
    'lc' => {
      'desc' => 'return lower-case version of a string',
      'usage' => [
        'lc EXPR',
        'lc'
      ]
    },
    'lcfirst' => {
      'desc' => 'return a string with just the next letter in lower ca
+se',
      'usage' => [
        'lcfirst EXPR',
        'lcfirst'
      ]
    },
    'length' => {
      'desc' => 'return the number of bytes in a string',
      'usage' => [
        'length EXPR',
        'length'
      ]
    },
    'oct' => {
      'desc' => 'convert a string to an octal number',
      'usage' => [
        'oct EXPR',
        'oct'
      ]
    },
    'ord' => {
      'desc' => 'find a character\'s numeric representation',
      'usage' => [
        'ord EXPR',
        'ord'
      ]
    },
    'pack' => {
      'desc' => 'convert a list into a binary representation',
      'usage' => [
        'pack TEMPLATE,LIST'
      ]
    },
    'q/STRING/' => {
      'desc' => 'singly quote a string',
      'usage' => [
        'q/STRING/'
      ]
    },
    'qq/STRING/' => {
      'desc' => 'doubly quote a string',
      'usage' => [
        'qq/STRING/'
      ]
    },
    'reverse' => {
      'desc' => 'flip a string or a list',
      'usage' => [
        'reverse LIST'
      ]
    },
    'rindex' => {
      'desc' => 'right-to-left substring search',
      'usage' => [
        'rindex STR,SUBSTR,POSITION',
        'rindex STR,SUBSTR'
      ]
    },
    'sprintf' => {
      'desc' => 'formatted print into a string',
      'usage' => [
        'sprintf FORMAT, LIST'
      ]
    },
    'substr' => {
      'desc' => 'get or alter a portion of a string',
      'usage' => [
        'substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT',
        'substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH',
        'substr EXPR,OFFSET'
      ]
    },
    'tr///' => {
      'desc' => 'transliterate a string',
      'usage' => [
        'tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cdsr'
      ]
    },
    'uc' => {
      'desc' => 'return upper-case version of a string',
      'usage' => [
        'uc EXPR',
        'uc'
      ]
    },
    'ucfirst' => {
      'desc' => 'return a string with just the next letter in upper ca
+se',
      'usage' => [
        'ucfirst EXPR',
        'ucfirst'
      ]
    },
    'y///' => {
      'desc' => 'transliterate a string',
      'usage' => [
        'tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cdsr'
      ]
    }
  },
  'SysV - System V interprocess communication functions' => {
    'msgctl' => {
      'desc' => 'SysV IPC message control operations',
      'usage' => [
        'msgctl ID,CMD,ARG'
      ]
    },
    'msgget' => {
      'desc' => 'get SysV IPC message queue',
      'usage' => [
        'msgget KEY,FLAGS'
      ]
    },
    'msgrcv' => {
      'desc' => 'receive a SysV IPC message from a message queue',
      'usage' => [
        'msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS'
      ]
    },
    'msgsnd' => {
      'desc' => 'send a SysV IPC message to a message queue',
      'usage' => [
        'msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS'
      ]
    },
    'semctl' => {
      'desc' => 'SysV semaphore control operations',
      'usage' => [
        'semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG'
      ]
    },
    'semget' => {
      'desc' => 'get set of SysV semaphores',
      'usage' => [
        'semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS'
      ]
    },
    'semop' => {
      'desc' => 'SysV semaphore operations',
      'usage' => [
        'semop KEY,OPSTRING'
      ]
    },
    'shmctl' => {
      'desc' => 'SysV shared memory operations',
      'usage' => [
        'shmctl ID,CMD,ARG'
      ]
    },
    'shmget' => {
      'desc' => 'get SysV shared memory segment identifier',
      'usage' => [
        'shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS'
      ]
    },
    'shmread' => {
      'desc' => 'read SysV shared memory',
      'usage' => [
        'shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE'
      ]
    },
    'shmwrite' => {
      'desc' => 'write SysV shared memory',
      'usage' => [
        'shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE'
      ]
    }
  },
  'Time - Time-related functions' => {
    'gmtime' => {
      'desc' => 'convert UNIX time into record or string using Greenwi
+ch time',
      'usage' => [
        'gmtime EXPR',
        'gmtime'
      ]
    },
    'localtime' => {
      'desc' => 'convert UNIX time into record or string using local t
+ime',
      'usage' => [
        'localtime EXPR',
        'localtime'
      ]
    },
    'time' => {
      'desc' => 'return number of seconds since 1970',
      'usage' => [
        'time'
      ]
    },
    'times' => {
      'desc' => 'return elapsed time for self and child processes',
      'usage' => [
        'times'
      ]
    }
  },
  'User - Fetching user and group info' => {
    'endgrent' => {
      'desc' => 'be done using group file',
      'usage' => [
        'endgrent'
      ]
    },
    'endhostent' => {
      'desc' => 'be done using hosts file',
      'usage' => [
        'endhostent'
      ]
    },
    'endnetent' => {
      'desc' => 'be done using networks file',
      'usage' => [
        'endnetent'
      ]
    },
    'endpwent' => {
      'desc' => 'be done using passwd file',
      'usage' => [
        'endpwent'
      ]
    },
    'getgrent' => {
      'desc' => 'get next group record',
      'usage' => [
        'getgrent'
      ]
    },
    'getgrgid' => {
      'desc' => 'get group record given group user ID',
      'usage' => [
        'getgrgid GID'
      ]
    },
    'getgrnam' => {
      'desc' => 'get group record given group name',
      'usage' => [
        'getgrnam NAME'
      ]
    },
    'getlogin' => {
      'desc' => 'return who logged in at this tty',
      'usage' => [
        'getlogin'
      ]
    },
    'getpwent' => {
      'desc' => 'get next passwd record',
      'usage' => [
        'getpwent'
      ]
    },
    'getpwnam' => {
      'desc' => 'get passwd record given user login name',
      'usage' => [
        'getpwnam NAME'
      ]
    },
    'getpwuid' => {
      'desc' => 'get passwd record given user ID',
      'usage' => [
        'getpwuid UID'
      ]
    },
    'setgrent' => {
      'desc' => 'prepare group file for use',
      'usage' => [
        'setgrent'
      ]
    },
    'setpwent' => {
      'desc' => 'prepare passwd file for use',
      'usage' => [
        'setpwent'
      ]
    }
  }
}
[download]