I don't understand all the business about scoring, but at least this gets the expected fields for the given input strings. Perhaps you can use it as a point of departure to achieve your true goals.

c:\@Work\Perl\monks>perl -wMstrict -le
"use Test::More 'no_plan';
 use Test::NoWarnings;
 ;;
 use Data::Dump qw(dd);
 ;;
 use List::MoreUtils qw(uniq);
 ;;
 my @list = (
   'set abcde-efghi 12345',
   'set abcde-ijkl 12345',
   'clr abcde-efghi+123',
   'clr abcde-ijkl 12345',
   );
 ;;
 my @expected_substrings = (
   'set', 'clr', ' abcde-', 'efghi', 'ijkl', ' 12345', '+123',
   );
 ;;
 my $rx_fld1 = qr{       [[:alpha:]]{2,}   }xms;
 my $rx_fld2 = qr{  \s   [[:alpha:]]{2,} - }xms;
 my $rx_fld3 = qr{       [[:alpha:]]{3,}   }xms;
 my $rx_fld4 = qr{ [\s+] [[:digit:]]{2,}   }xms;
 ;;
 my (@flds1, @flds2, @flds3, @flds4);
 for my $str (@list) {
   my $parsed =
   my ($fld1, $fld2, $fld3, $fld4) =
   $str =~ m{
     \A ($rx_fld1) ($rx_fld2) ($rx_fld3) ($rx_fld4) \z
     }xms;
   die qq{'$str' parse failed} unless $parsed;
   ;;
   push @flds1, $fld1;
   push @flds2, $fld2;
   push @flds3, $fld3;
   push @flds4, $fld4;
   }
 ;;
 my @got_substrings = uniq @flds1, @flds2, @flds3, @flds4;
 dd \@got_substrings;
 ;;
 is_deeply \@got_substrings, \@expected_substrings,
           'extracted list ok';
"
["set", "clr", " abcde-", "efghi", "ijkl", " 12345", "+123"]

ok 1 - extracted list ok
ok 2 - no warnings
1..2
[download]

Update: It occurs to me that the uniq-ifying step should be done on each sub-set individually before the sub-sets are combined together. This could be done with a
    my @got_substrings = map { uniq @$_ } \(@flds1, @flds2, @flds3, @flds4);
statement. The output list produced is the same.