use strict;
use warnings;

my @vocabulary = qw( a abc abcd abd bc );
my $sentence = 'abdaabc';

my ($pattern) = map qr/$_/,
                join '|',
                map quotemeta,
                sort { length($b) <=> length($a) }  # optional
                @vocabulary;

use re 'eval';
local our @list;
$sentence =~ /
   (?{ [] })
   ^
   (?: ($pattern) (?{ [ @{$^R}, $^N ] }) )+
   $
   (?{ @list = @{$^R} })
/x
   or die("No solution\n");

print( join('-', @list), "\n" );  # abd-a-abc