Maybe something like this?

Update: Added full number at each end to improve visualisation of locality.

#! perl -slw
use strict;

sub log10{ log( $_[0] ) / log( 10 ) }

sub tape {
    my( $start, $end ) = @_;
    my $n = log10( $end );
    my @lines = split '', $start;
    for my $p ( $start + 1 .. $end -1 ) {
        for my $l ( 0 .. $n ) {
            $lines[ $n - $l ] .= 
                $p % 10**$l ? ' ' : substr int( $p / 10**$l ), -1;
        }
    }
    $lines[ $_ ] .= substr $end, $_, 1 for 0 .. length( $end ) -1;
    unshift @lines, '-' x ( $end - $start + 1 );
    push    @lines, '-' x ( $end - $start );
    substr $lines[ -1 ], ( $end - $start ) / 2, 0, 'v';
    return @lines;
}

print for tape( 170, 230 );

print for tape( 1970, 2030 );

print for tape( 39_999_963, 40_000_041 );

__END__
c:\test>712774.pl
-------------------------------------------------------------
1                             2                             2
7         8         9         0         1         2         3
0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
------------------------------v------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------
1                             2                             2
9                             0                             0
7         8         9         0         1         2         3
0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
------------------------------v------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
+---------
3                                    4                                
+        4
9                                    0                                
+        0
9                                    0                                
+        0
9                                    0                                
+        0
9                                    0                                
+        0
9                                    0                                
+        0
6      7         8         9         0         1         2         3  
+       44
3456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
+345678901
---------------------------------------v------------------------------
+---------
[download]

use POSIX 'ceil';

sub tape_label {
    my $len = shift() + 1; ## simpler since we'll start at 0  

    my @cols;
    my $n_cols = ceil( log($len) / log(10) );

    for my $log (0 .. $n_cols-1) {
      my $pad     = 10**$log - 1;
      my $pattern = join( " " x $pad, 0 .. 9, "" );

      unshift @cols, substr( $pattern x ceil($len/10**$log), 0, $len )
+;
    }

    return @cols;
}
[download]

BTW, I think a "ruler" style marking would be easier to read than a long string of "01234567890123456789" ...

use POSIX 'ceil';

sub tape_label {
    my $len = 5 * ceil(shift() / 5);

    my $l1 = join "", map { sprintf "%-10s", $_*10 } 0 .. ($len/10);
    my $l2 = "|" . ("....|" x ($len/5));

    return "$l1\n$l2\n";
}
[download]

0         10        20        30        40        50        
|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|
[download]

Without using format you could:

use strict;
use warnings;

my $tape = bless {
    desc  => "5-state machine, theoretical max steps: >47,176,870",
    step  => 630,
    delta => 54,
    pos   => 224,
    cells => [],
};

push @{$tape->{cells}}, int rand (1.7) || ' ' for 1 .. 500;
$tape->show (82);

print <<ORG;

              5-state machine, theoretical max steps: >47,176,870
Step: 630
Current delta: 54
----------------------------------------------------------------------
+----------­-
1               2                                                     
+           2
8     9         0         1         2         3          4         5  
+       6   6
4567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789001234567890123456789012
+345678901234
----------------------------------------v-----------------------------
+----------­-
1    11     1     1          1         11     111              1      
+     11
ORG

sub show {
    my ($tape, $width) = @_;
    my $first   = int ($tape->{pos} - $width / 2);
    my $last    = $first + $width - 1;
    my $mag     = int (log ($last) / log (10)) + 1;
    my $divider = '-' x $width;

    $first = sprintf '%0*d', $mag, $first;
    $last  = sprintf '%0*d', $mag, $last;
    printf "%66s\n", $tape->{desc};
    print "Step: $tape->{step}\n";
    print "Current delta: $tape->{delta}\n";
    print $divider, "\n";

    for my $digit (0 .. $mag - 1) {
        my $lastDigit = -1;
        my $row;

        for my $num ($first .. $last) {
            my $newDigit = substr sprintf ("%${mag}d", $num), $digit, 
+1;
            $row .= $num != $last && $newDigit eq $lastDigit ? ' ' : $
+newDigit;
            $lastDigit = $newDigit;
        }

        print "$row\n";
    }

    substr $divider, $width / 2, 1, 'v';
    print $divider, "\n";
    print @{$tape->{cells}}[$first .. $last], "\n";
}
[download]

Prints:

               5-state machine, theoretical max steps: >47,176,870
Step: 630
Current delta: 54
----------------------------------------------------------------------
+------------
1                2                                                    
+           2
8      9         0         1         2         3         4         5  
+       6   6
3456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012
+345678901234
-----------------------------------------v----------------------------
+------------
11   1 1      1  1  1   1 1   11  11  1 111 11  1        11 11   1 1  
+  111 1  11 

              5-state machine, theoretical max steps: >47,176,870
Step: 630
Current delta: 54
----------------------------------------------------------------------
+----------­-
1               2                                                     
+           2
8     9         0         1         2         3          4         5  
+       6   6
4567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789001234567890123456789012
+345678901234
----------------------------------------v-----------------------------
+----------­-
1    11     1     1          1         11     111              1      
+     11
[download]