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You'd think they should, but they don't. Try the following:
$ PERL5LIB=/no/such/dir perl -le 'print for @INC' > foo $ PERL5LIB= perl -le 'use lib "/no/such/dir"; print for @INC' > bar $ diff -u foo bar--- foo 2009-05-07 16:24:12.000000000 -0700 +++ bar 2009-05-07 16:24:32.000000000 -0700 @@ -1,12 +1,3 @@ -/no/such/dir/5.8.6/x86_64-linux-thread-multi -/no/such/dir/5.8.6 -/no/such/dir/x86_64-linux-thread-multi -/no/such/dir/5.8.5 -/no/such/dir/5.8.4 -/no/such/dir/5.8.3 -/no/such/dir/5.8.2 -/no/such/dir/5.8.1 -/no/such/dir/5.8.0 /no/such/dir /usr/lib64/perl5/5.8.6/x86_64-linux-thread-multi /usr/lib/perl5/5.8.6
And now we see the difference that saintmike was talking about. If you put stuff in $ENV{PERL5LIB}, it adds a list of internal hardcoded architecture specific directories to look in whether or not those directories exist, and regardless of the contents! By contrast use lib adds subdirectories based on a heuristic about their contents.

In reply to Re^3: PERL5LIB different than 'use lib' by tilly
in thread PERL5LIB different than 'use lib' by saintmike

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