the CGI is executed, and is not available in plain text.
Yes - so long as the configuration is correct and doesn't have to be touched. But these things do happen, and it would not exactly be a housewarming gift to have the username/password visible in plaintext to the entire world after a server move. In contrast, it is slightly more likely that an external file containing the credentials will initially have too restrictive rather than too permissive access privileges.
the SQL server should be configured to limit the abilities of the account hard-coded into the CGI
Ah, but that's what it makes sense to use a middle-tier for: you gain much more finegrained control over the submitted queries than the access control facilities of the database server typically allow. DBI::ProxyServer f.ex enables you to only make some predetermined queries against the proxied database available. This at least severly limits, if not outright eradicates a miscreant's ability to gather information to prepare an attack with.
Makeshifts last the longest.
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