Lasciate ogne speranza, voi ch'intrate.
the lack of the user concept is a big minus: there is something that can be done in this direction?
I've seen phones (made by Oppo?) that do offer the concept of "second user". Searching the Web reveals that this has been available since Android 5.0 (and even some 4.4 devices) but disabled by default by phone vendors. If a custom build of AOSP for your phone exists, you could install that, but then security updates would become a problem.
which browser can I use to protect my privacy and how to use it?
This question (similar to ones about different operating systems and programming languages) is likely to become a flamewar, but I'll try to answer carefully. <opinion>If you want the best compatibility to most websites, the choice on Android is the same as on the PC: Chrome and Firefox (there are no other supported browser engines left; even Opera is Chrome-based). There are browsers that use the system Android WebView (also Chrome-based). Any vendor-specific browser probably spies for the vendor. I haven't used Chrome because I think it's irredeemable with regards to spying. This leaves Firefox, but privacy-related add-ons work best on the PC, and I think they have broken the installation of most add-ons (there's now a small list of phone-compatible add-ons) and
about:config (which people used to allow installation of other add-ons) in the newer versions of Firefox for Android.</opinion>
which file manager do you suggest, being simply and powerful? I'd like to simply decide which data will go in the SD card too.
I have used DoubleCommander from the F-Droid repo. It has SMB and SFTP support, but not public key authentication.
which remote access software must I use (able to do RDP and ssh connections)?
I have used ConnectBot from F-Droid for SSH.
there is something to check and control my privacy in a unified program? The First Time Access was a dread: fingerprints, google account details, blood type.. :)
In Settings → Applications you could remove most permissions you consider invasive from the apps that really shouldn't have to use them, but then they would stop working (until you allow them again). <opinion>Finding an app that doen't require the blood of your firstborn to use the camera flash as a flashlight takes a while and such applications typically lose in terms of functionality (since the ones that do infringe on your privacy get more money to invest in features).</opinion> Privacy-oriented Android forks like LineageOS used to be able to "sandbox" applications, giving them fake location/contact-list/IMEI/whatever instead of denying the permission altogether, but good luck getting that to work on a specific phone you already have. If you root your phone and tinker with the firmware, maybe you could install the so-called Xposed framework and XPrivacyLua on top of that.
I was unable to spot the keyboard and video plugs.. ;) no, seriously: can be connected in some way to became an emergency pc?
The keyword to search for is "OTG"; with type-C it's even easier: you might be able to plug a type-C hub into the phone and plug the keyboard and the mouse and even a monitor into the hub. My scientific advisor insists that smartphones are so great you could even do useful work on them without a keyboard or a mouse, but he's yet to write an article or perform any useful spectroscopy analysis on his. (It doesn't help that there's no Origin for Android.)
If I have the will to try to program an app where can I start and with which tools?
I think Android Studio is the only officially supported way of doing that. Of course language
X runs on Android (it's just Linux underneath, after all), but doing anything interesting (and especially getting to the point where it's an icon on your home screen) probably involves calling Android API via Java, so you might as well be doing that, unless you are interested in calling some other APIs that wrap the Android APIs, e.g. JUCE (C++) or Xamarin (C#).
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