I can only speculate as long as you don't show us a Dump of $str.
> My Terminal (iTerm2) is UTF-8. The OS is MacOS.
I think if the encoding of the output channel is byte oriented, this would explain your false negative results.
IOW your decoding is right but the test is wrong.
update
Yep, tested on my Ubuntu VM, with utf8 console
DB<2> use Devel::Peek
DB<4> use Encode qw(decode encode)
DB<10> $str="kü"
DB<11> Dump $str
SV = PV(0x28054a0) at 0x280a370
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = (POK,pPOK)
PV = 0x2838a60 "k\303\274"\0 # <-- 303 274 is octa
+l for UTF-8 encoding of "ü" *
CUR = 3
LEN = 16
DB<12> p $str
kü
DB<13> p $dec = decode("utf8",$str,Encode::FB_WARN)
k
DB<14> Dump $dec
SV = PVMG(0x28e41f0) at 0x2a19368
REFCNT = 1
FLAGS = (POK,pPOK,UTF8)
IV = 0
NV = 0
PV = 0x28fe5a0 "k\303\274"\0 [UTF8 "k\x{fc}"] # <-- correct UTF8 U+
+00FC is codepoint for "ü"
CUR = 3
LEN = 16
DB<15> binmode DB::OUT,':utf8'; # <-- fix encoding la
+yer
DB<16> p $dec
kü
DB<17>
Unicode SYMBOL UTF-8 UTF-8 NAME
Codepoint hex oct
U+00FC ü c3 bc 303 274 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERE
+SIS
*)
DB<19> printf "%X ", $_ for 0303, 0274
C3 BC
DB<20> printf "%X ", oct($_) for qw/303 274/
C3 BC
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