Getting a bit uglier, here's a hack that takes a rather different approach: it uses 'gdb' to attach to the process with the given pid, and queries perl's internal structures.

Use with caution. :)

#!/usr/bin/perl -w
my $perl = $^X;
my $pid;
my $tmpfile = "/tmp/attachperl-$$";

if (@ARGV == 1) {
    ($pid) = @ARGV;
} elsif (@ARGV == 2) {
    ($perl, $pid) = @ARGV;
} else {
    die "Usage: $0 [ /path/to/perl ] <pid>\n";
}

# construct the gdb script
open F, ">$tmpfile" or die "$tmpfile: $!\n";
print F <<GDB;
p ((COP*)PL_curcop)->cop_line
p ((XPVGV*)((COP*)PL_curcop)->cop_filegv->sv_any)->xgv_name
quit
GDB
close F;

my $call = "gdb -q -x $tmpfile $perl $pid 2>/dev/null";
my @data = map /^\$\d+ = (.*)$/ ? $1 : (), `$call`;
my $line = $data[0] =~ /^\d+$/ ? $data[0] : 'unknown';
my $file = $data[1] =~ /^0x\w+ "_<(.*)"$/ ? $1 : 'unknown';
print "pid $pid: line $line of file '$file'\n";

unlink $tmpfile;
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A brief explanation: PL_curcop is a variable used in perl to hold details about the current execution state, including the last seen line number and a reference to the glob for the file the code came from. Note that occasionally PL_curcop may be null, in which case this'll just print "unknown". Also, when the execution is inside code evalled from a string, it'll show something like:

  pid 9256: line 1 of file '(eval 1)'
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I should stress that this is a quick hack - doing it properly would at the very least involve using a safer approach for temporary files. I'm also not sure how recent a version of gdb is required for this, though it works ok for me with "GNU gdb 5.0rh-5 Red Hat Linux 7.1".

Hope it helps,