There's also a handy list on github.

That list looks incomplete to me - there are many more dual-life modules than are listed there.

Another thing one can do is to check the perl source. One will see there's a top level folder named "cpan".
Updating any module that's included in that folder is worth trying, and will generally (but perhaps not always) be successful.
Some, if not all, of those modules make a point of retaining backwards-compatibility.

The only other core modules that provide a standalone source that could be at a more recent version, are the ones in the top level "devel" "dist" folder.
These are also worth trying, though the version they provide is often no more recent than what one's perl already contains. Of course that depends upon just how out of date your perl is.

AFAIK, any other core perl modules will not exist as standalone source and should be left alone.
There have been times when I've tried to create a standalone source from the perl source. It has often become a messy exercise, and one that has never been fruitful.
I don't recommend it. Of course, one is allowed to attempt it - and it might even work out ok.

Oh .... I should point out that some of those core modules might be relocated over time.
For example, Math::Complex was in "cpan" when perl-5.36.0 was released but has now been moved to "devel" "dist", and will be in the "devel" "dist" folder when 5.38.0 source is released.

Cheers,
Rob