perltoc
Current Perl documentation can be found at
perldoc.perl.org.
Here is our local, out-dated (pre-5.6) version:
perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
This page provides a brief table of contents for the rest of the Perl
documentation set. It is meant to be scanned quickly or grepped through to
locate the proper section you're looking for.
- SYNOPSIS
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
Many usability enhancements, Simplified grammar, Lexical scoping, Arbitrarily nested data structures, Modularity and reusability, Object-oriented programming, Embeddable and Extensible,
POSIX compliant, Package constructors and destructors, Multiple simultaneous
DBM implementations, Subroutine definitions may now be autoloaded, Regular expression enhancements, Innumerable Unbundled Modules, Compilability
- ENVIRONMENT
-
- AUTHOR
-
- FILES
-
- SEE ALSO
-
- DIAGNOSTICS
-
- BUGS
-
- NOTES
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
perlfaq: Structural overview of the
FAQ, the perlfaq1 manpage: General Questions About Perl, the perlfaq2 manpage: Obtaining and Learning about Perl, the perlfaq3 manpage: Programming Tools, the perlfaq4 manpage: Data Manipulation, the perlfaq5 manpage: Files and Formats, the perlfaq6 manpage: Regexps, the perlfaq7 manpage: General Perl Language Issues,
the perlfaq8 manpage: System Interaction, the perlfaq9 manpage: Networking
- Where to get this document
-
- How to contribute to this document
-
- What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the
authors
-
- Credits
-
- Author and Copyright Information
-
- Bundled Distributions
-
- Disclaimer
-
- Changes
-
24/April/97, 23/April/97, 25/March/97, 18/March/97, 17/March/97 Version,
Initial Release: 11/March/97
- DESCRIPTION
-
- What is Perl?
-
- Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
-
- Which version of Perl should I use?
-
- What are perl4 and perl5?
-
- How stable is Perl?
-
- Is Perl difficult to learn?
-
- How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX,
Scheme, or Tcl?
-
- Can I do [task] in Perl?
-
- When shouldn't I program in Perl?
-
- What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?
-
- Is it a Perl program or a Perl script?
-
- What is a JAPH?
-
- Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?
-
- How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
(5/5.004/Perl instead of some other language)?
-
- AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?
-
- How can I get a binary version of Perl?
-
- I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl?
-
- I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts
don't work.
-
- I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic
loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
-
- What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN?
What does CPAN/src/... mean?
-
- Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
-
- Where can I get information on Perl?
-
- What are the Perl newsgroups on USENET? Where do I post questions?
-
- Where should I post source code?
-
- Perl Books
-
References, Tutorials
*Learning Perl [2nd edition] by Randal
L. Schwartz and Tom Christiansen, Task-Oriented,
Special Topics
- Perl in Magazines
-
- Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
-
- What mailing lists are there for perl?
-
MacPerl, Perl5-Porters, NTPerl, Perl-Packrats
- Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
-
- Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
-
- Where do I send bug reports?
-
- What is perl.com? perl.org? The Perl Institute?
-
- How do I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
-
- AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- How do I do (anything)?
-
- How can I use Perl interactively?
-
- Is there a Perl shell?
-
- How do I debug my Perl programs?
-
- How do I profile my Perl programs?
-
- How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
-
- Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
-
- Is there a ctags for Perl?
-
- Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
-
- Where can I get perl-mode for emacs?
-
- How can I use curses with Perl?
-
- How can I use X or Tk with Perl?
-
- How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk?
-
- What is undump?
-
- How can I make my Perl program run faster?
-
- How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
-
- Is it unsafe to return a pointer to local data?
-
- How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
-
- How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
-
- How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
-
- How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
-
- How can I get #!perl to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?
-
- Can I write useful perl programs on the command line?
-
- Why don't perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
-
- Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
-
- Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
-
- Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]
-
- I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in
my C program, what am I doing wrong?
-
- When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it
mean?
-
- What's MakeMaker?
-
- AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- Data: Numbers
-
- Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the
numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?
-
- Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
-
- Does perl have a round function? What about ceil() and floor()?
Trig functions?
-
- How do I convert bits into ints?
-
- How do I multiply matrices?
-
- How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
-
- How can I output Roman numerals?
-
- Why aren't my random numbers random?
-
- Data: Dates
-
- How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?
-
- How can I compare two dates and find the difference?
-
- How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
-
- How can I find the Julian Day?
-
- Does Perl have a year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?
-
- Data: Strings
-
- How do I validate input?
-
- How do I unescape a string?
-
- How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
-
- How do I expand function calls in a string?
-
- How do I find matching/nesting anything?
-
- How do I reverse a string?
-
- How do I expand tabs in a string?
-
- How do I reformat a paragraph?
-
- How can I access/change the first N letters of a string?
-
- How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
-
- How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a
string?
-
- How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
-
- How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside
[character]? (Comma-separated files)
-
- How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?
-
- How do I extract selected columns from a string?
-
- How do I find the soundex value of a string?
-
- How can I expand variables in text strings?
-
- What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"?
-
- Why don't my <<HERE documents work?
-
1. There must be no space after the << part, 2. There (probably)
should be a semicolon at the end, 3. You can't (easily) have any space in
front of the tag
- Data: Arrays
-
- What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?
-
- How can I extract just the unique elements of an array?
-
a) If
@in is sorted, and you want @out to be sorted:(this assumes all true values in the array), b) If you don't know whether @in is sorted:, c) Like (b), but @in contains only small integers:, d)
A way to do (b) without any loops or greps:, e) Like (d), but @in contains only small positive integers:
- How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain element?
-
- How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute the
intersection of two arrays?
-
- How do I find the first array element for which a condition is true?
-
- How do I handle linked lists?
-
- How do I handle circular lists?
-
- How do I shuffle an array randomly?
-
- How do I process/modify each element of an array?
-
- How do I select a random element from an array?
-
- How do I permute N elements of a list?
-
- How do I sort an array by (anything)?
-
- How do I manipulate arrays of bits?
-
- Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?
-
- Data: Hashes (Associative Arrays)
-
- How do I process an entire hash?
-
- What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over
it?
-
- How do I look up a hash element by value?
-
- How can I know how many entries are in a hash?
-
- How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
-
- How can I always keep my hash sorted?
-
- What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes?
-
- Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
-
- How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?
-
- How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?
-
- How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?
-
- How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
-
- Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create
it?
-
- How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or
array of hashes or arrays?
-
- How can I use a reference as a hash key?
-
- Data: Misc
-
- How do I handle binary data correctly?
-
- How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float?
-
- How do I keep persistent data across program calls?
-
- How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?
-
- How do I define methods for every class/object?
-
- How do I verify a credit card checksum?
-
- AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?
-
- How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a
line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file?
-
- How do I count the number of lines in a file?
-
- How do I make a temporary file name?
-
- How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
-
- How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?
-
- How can I use a filehandle indirectly?
-
- How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
-
- How can I write() into a string?
-
- How can I output my numbers with commas added?
-
- How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
-
- How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?
-
- Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?
-
- Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
-
- How can I open a file with a leading "gt" or trailing blanks?
-
- How can I reliably rename a file?
-
- How can I lock a file?
-
- What can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?
-
- I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in
the file. How can I do this?
-
- How do I randomly update a binary file?
-
- How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
-
- How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
-
- How do I print to more than one file at once?
-
- How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
-
- How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard?
-
- How can I tell if there's a character waiting on a filehandle?
-
- How do I do a tail -f in perl?
-
- How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
-
- How do I close a file descriptor by number?
-
- Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't
`C:\temp\foo.exe` work?
-
- Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?
-
- Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does -i clobber
protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?
-
- How do I select a random line from a file?
-
- AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible
and unmaintainable code?
-
Comments Outside the Regexp, Comments Inside the Regexp, Different
Delimiters
- I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong?
-
- How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on
different lines?
-
- I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong?
-
- How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS, but preserving
case on the RHS?
-
- How can I make \w match national character sets?
-
- How can I match a locale-smart version of /[a-zA-Z]/?
-
- How can I quote a variable to use in a regexp?
-
- What is /o really for?
-
- How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a
file?
-
- Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
-
- What does it mean that regexps are greedy? How can I get around it?
-
- How do I process each word on each line?
-
- How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?
-
- How can I do approximate matching?
-
- How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?
-
- Why don't word-boundary searches with \b work for me?
-
- Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down?
-
- What good is \G in a regular expression?
-
- Are Perl regexps DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?
-
- What's wrong with using grep or map in a void context?
-
- How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
-
- AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
-
- What are all these $@%* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to
use them?
-
- Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and
commas?
-
- How do I skip some return values?
-
- How do I temporarily block warnings?
-
- What's an extension?
-
- Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?
-
- How do I declare/create a structure?
-
- How do I create a module?
-
- How do I create a class?
-
- How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
-
- What's a closure?
-
- What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
-
- How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method,
Regexp}?
-
Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles, Passing Regexps,
Passing Methods
- How do I create a static variable?
-
- What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping?
Between local() and my()?
-
- How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical
is in scope?
-
- What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?
-
- Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?
-
- How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
-
- What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()?
-
- How do I create a switch or case statement?
-
- How can I catch accesses to undefined variables/functions/methods?
-
- Why can't a method included in this same file be found?
-
- How can I find out my current package?
-
- How can I comment out a large block of perl code?
-
- AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- How do I find out which operating system I'm running under?
-
- How come exec() doesn't return?
-
- How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?
-
Keyboard, Screen, Mouse
- How do I print something out in color?
-
- How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key?
-
- How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?
-
- How do I clear the screen?
-
- How do I get the screen size?
-
- How do I ask the user for a password?
-
- How do I read and write the serial port?
-
lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output, non-blocking input
- How do I decode encrypted password files?
-
- How do I start a process in the background?
-
STDIN,
STDOUT, and
STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies
- How do I trap control characters/signals?
-
- How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
-
- How do I set the time and date?
-
- How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?
-
- How can I measure time under a second?
-
- How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling)
-
- Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What
does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?
-
- How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?
-
- Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?
-
- Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
-
- How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
-
- Why can't I get the output of a command with system()?
-
- How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
-
- Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails?
-
- What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?
-
- How can I call backticks without shell processing?
-
- Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix,
^Z on MS-DOS)?
-
- How can I convert my shell script to perl?
-
- Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
-
- How can I write expect in Perl?
-
- Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as
"ps"?
-
- I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How
come the change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my
changes to be visible?
-
Unix
- How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to
complete?
-
- How do I fork a daemon process?
-
- How do I make my program run with sh and csh?
-
- How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?
-
- How do I timeout a slow event?
-
- How do I set CPU limits?
-
- How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
-
- How do I use an SQL database?
-
- How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
-
- How do I open a file without blocking?
-
- How do I install a CPAN module?
-
- What's the difference between require and use?
-
- How do I keep my own module/library directory?
-
- How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library
search path?
-
- How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime?
-
- AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. (500
Server Error)
-
- How can I get better error messages from a CGI program?
-
- How do I remove HTML from a string?
-
- How do I extract URLs?
-
- How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a
file on another machine?
-
- How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?
-
- How do I fetch an HTML file?
-
- How do I automate an HTML form submission?
-
- How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
-
- How do I redirect to another page?
-
- How do I put a password on my web pages?
-
- How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
-
- How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my
CGI script to do bad things?
-
- How do I parse a mail header?
-
- How do I decode a CGI form?
-
- How do I check a valid mail address?
-
- How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
-
- How do I return the user's mail address?
-
- How do I send mail?
-
- How do I read mail?
-
- How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address?
-
- How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
-
- How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
-
- How can I do RPC in Perl?
-
- AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- About the new versioning system
-
- Incompatible Changes
-
- WARNING: This version is not binary compatible with Perl 5.004.
-
- Default installation structure has changed
-
- Perl Source Compatibility
-
- C Source Compatibility
-
Core sources now require
ANSI
C compiler, All Perl global variables must now be referenced with an explicit prefix, Enabling threads has source compatibility issues
- Binary Compatibility
-
- Security fixes may affect compatibility
-
- Relaxed new mandatory warnings introduced in 5.004
-
- Licensing
-
- Core Changes
-
- Threads
-
- Compiler
-
- Regular Expressions
-
Many new and improved optimizations, Many bug fixes, New regular expression
constructs, New operator for precompiled regular expressions, Other
improvements, Incompatible changes
- Improved malloc()
-
- Quicksort is internally implemented
-
- Reliable signals
-
- Reliable stack pointers
-
- More generous treatment of carriage returns
-
- Memory leaks
-
- Better support for multiple interpreters
-
- Behavior of local() on array and hash elements is now well-defined
-
- %! is transparently tied to the Errno module
-
- Pseudo-hashes are supported
-
- EXPR foreach EXPR is supported
-
- Keywords can be globally overridden
-
- $^E is meaningful on Win32
-
- foreach (1..1000000) optimized
-
- Foo:: can be used as implicitly quoted package name
-
- exists $Foo::{Bar::} tests existence of a package
-
- Better locale support
-
- Experimental support for 64-bit platforms
-
- prototype() returns useful results on builtins
-
- Extended support for exception handling
-
- Re-blessing in DESTROY() supported for chaining DESTROY() methods
-
- All printf format conversions are handled internally
-
- New INIT keyword
-
- New lock keyword
-
- New qr// operator
-
- our is now a reserved word
-
- Tied arrays are now fully supported
-
- Tied handles support is better
-
- th argument to substr
- Negative LENGTH argument to splice
-
- Magic lvalues are now more magical
-
- ltgt now reads in records
-
- Supported Platforms
-
- New Platforms
-
- Changes in existing support
-
- Modules and Pragmata
-
- New Modules
-
B, Data::Dumper, Errno, File::Spec,
ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Packlist, Fatal, IPC::SysV, Test,
Tie::Array, Tie::Handle, Thread, attrs, fields, re
- Changes in existing modules
-
CGI,
POSIX, DB_File, MakeMaker,
CPAN, Cwd, Benchmark
- Utility Changes
-
- Documentation Changes
-
- New Diagnostics
-
Ambiguous call resolved as CORE::%s(), qualify as such or use &, Bad
index while coercing array into hash, Bareword ``%s'' refers to nonexistent
package, Can't call method ``%s'' on an undefined value, Can't coerce array
into hash, Can't goto subroutine from an eval-string, Can't localize
pseudo-hash element, Can't use %%! because Errno.pm is not available,
Cannot find an opnumber for ``%s'', Character class syntax [. .] is
reserved for future extensions, Character class syntax [: :] is reserved
for future extensions, Character class syntax [= =] is reserved for future
extensions, %s: Eval-group in insecure regular expression, %s: Eval-group
not allowed, use re 'eval', %s: Eval-group not allowed at run time,
Explicit blessing to '' (assuming package main), Illegal hex digit ignored,
No such array field, No such field ``%s'' in variable %s of type %s, Out
of memory during ridiculously large request, Range iterator outside integer
range, Recursive inheritance detected while looking for method '%s' in
package '%s', Reference found where even-sized list expected, Undefined
value assigned to typeglob, Use of reserved word ``%s'' is deprecated,
perl: warning: Setting locale failed
- Obsolete Diagnostics
-
Can't
mktemp(), Can't write to temp
file for -e: %s, Cannot open temporary file
- BUGS
-
- SEE ALSO
-
- HISTORY
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- Variable names
-
- Context
-
- Scalar values
-
- Scalar value constructors
-
- List value constructors
-
- Typeglobs and Filehandles
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- Declarations
-
- Simple statements
-
- Compound statements
-
- Loop Control
-
- For Loops
-
- Foreach Loops
-
- Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements
-
- Goto
-
- PODs: Embedded Documentation
-
- Plain Old Comments (Not!)
-
- SYNOPSIS
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- Terms and List Operators (Leftward)
-
- The Arrow Operator
-
- Auto-increment and Auto-decrement
-
- Exponentiation
-
- Symbolic Unary Operators
-
- Binding Operators
-
- Multiplicative Operators
-
- Additive Operators
-
- Shift Operators
-
- Named Unary Operators
-
- Relational Operators
-
- Equality Operators
-
- Bitwise And
-
- Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or
-
- C-style Logical And
-
- C-style Logical Or
-
- Range Operators
-
- Conditional Operator
-
- Assignment Operators
-
- Comma Operator
-
- List Operators (Rightward)
-
- Logical Not
-
- Logical And
-
- Logical or and Exclusive Or
-
- C Operators Missing From Perl
-
unary &, unary *,
(TYPE)
- Quote and Quote-like Operators
-
- Regexp Quote-Like Operators
-
?PATTERN?, m/PATTERN/cgimosx, /PATTERN/cgimosx,
q/STRING/,
'STRING', qq/STRING/,
``STRING'', qr/STRING/imosx, qx/STRING/,
`STRING`, qw/STRING/, s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx, tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds, y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds
- Gory details of parsing quoted constructs
-
Finding the end, Removal of backslashes before delimiters, Interpolation,
<<'EOF', perlman:perlop, perlman:perlop, perlman:perlop, perlman:perlop, '', perlman:perlop, "",
``, perlman:perlop, perlman:perlop, <file*glob>, ?RE?, /RE/, m/RE/,
s/RE/foo/,, Interpolation of regular expressions, Optimization of regular
expressions
- I/O Operators
-
- Constant Folding
-
- Bitwise String Operators
-
- Integer Arithmetic
-
- Floating-point Arithmetic
-
- Bigger Numbers
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
i, m, s, x
- Regular Expressions
-
(?#text), (?:pattern), (?imsx-imsx:pattern), (?=pattern),
(?!pattern), (?<=pattern), (?<!pattern), (?{ code }),
(?>pattern), (?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern),
(?(condition)yes-pattern), (?imsx-imsx)
- Backtracking
-
- Version 8 Regular Expressions
-
- WARNING on \1 vs $1
-
- Repeated patterns matching zero-length substring
-
- Creating custom RE engines
-
- SEE ALSO
-
- SYNOPSIS
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
-
OS/2,
MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh
- Location of Perl
-
- Switches
-
-0[digits], -a, -c, -d, -d:foo, -Dletters,
-Dnumber, -e commandline, -Fpattern, -h,
-i[extension], -Idirectory, -l[octnum],
-m[-]module, -M[-]module, -M[-]'module ...',
-[mM][-]module=arg[,arg]..., -n, -p, -P, -s, -S,
-T, -u, -U, -v, -V, -V:name, -w, -x directory
- ENVIRONMENT
-
HOME,
LOGDIR,
PATH,
PERL5LIB,
PERL5OPT,
PERLLIB,
PERL5DB,
PERL5SHELL (specific to
WIN32 port),
PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS,
PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL
- DESCRIPTION
-
- Perl Functions by Category
-
Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pattern matching, Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs, Functions for list data, Functions for real %HASHes, Input and output functions, Functions for fixed length data or records, Functions for filehandles, files, or directories, Keywords related to the control flow of your perl program, Keywords related to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process groups, Keywords related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes and object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions, System
V interprocess communication functions, Fetching user and group info, Fetching network info, Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5, Functions obsoleted in perl5
- Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
-
-X
FILEHANDLE, -X
EXPR, -X, abs
VALUE, abs, accept
NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm
SECONDS, alarm, atan2
Y,X, bind
SOCKET,NAME, binmode
FILEHANDLE, bless
REF,CLASSNAME, bless
REF, caller
EXPR, caller, chdir
EXPR, chmod
LIST, chomp
VARIABLE, chomp
LIST, chomp, chop
VARIABLE, chop
LIST, chop, chown
LIST, chr
NUMBER, chr, chroot
FILENAME, chroot, close
FILEHANDLE, close, closedir
DIRHANDLE, connect
SOCKET,NAME, continue
BLOCK, cos
EXPR, crypt
PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose
HASH, dbmopen
HASH,DBNAME,MODE, defined
EXPR, defined, delete
EXPR, die
LIST, do
BLOCK, do
SUBROUTINE(LIST), do
EXPR, dump
LABEL, each
HASH, eof
FILEHANDLE, eof (), eof, eval
EXPR, eval
BLOCK, exec
LIST, exec
PROGRAM
LIST, exists
EXPR, exit
EXPR, exp
EXPR, exp, fcntl
FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno
FILEHANDLE, flock
FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork, format, formline
PICTURE,LIST, getc
FILEHANDLE, getc, getlogin, getpeername
SOCKET, getpgrp
PID, getppid, getpriority
WHICH,WHO, getpwnam
NAME, getgrnam
NAME, gethostbyname
NAME, getnetbyname
NAME, getprotobyname
NAME, getpwuid
UID, getgrgid
GID, getservbyname
NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr
ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr
ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber
NUMBER, getservbyport
PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent
STAYOPEN, setnetent
STAYOPEN, setprotoent
STAYOPEN, setservent
STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname
SOCKET, getsockopt
SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob
EXPR, glob, gmtime
EXPR, goto
LABEL, goto
EXPR, goto
&NAME, grep
BLOCK
LIST, grep
EXPR,LIST, hex
EXPR, hex, import, index
STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index
STR,SUBSTR, int
EXPR, int, ioctl
FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join
EXPR,LIST, keys
HASH, kill
LIST, last
LABEL, last, lc
EXPR, lc, lcfirst
EXPR, lcfirst, length
EXPR, length, link
OLDFILE,NEWFILE, listen
SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local
EXPR, localtime
EXPR, log
EXPR, log, lstat
FILEHANDLE, lstat
EXPR, lstat, m//, map
BLOCK
LIST, map
EXPR,LIST, mkdir
FILENAME,MODE, msgctl
ID,CMD,ARG, msgget
KEY,FLAGS, msgsnd
ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv
ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, my
EXPR, next
LABEL, next, no Module
LIST, oct
EXPR, oct, open
FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open
FILEHANDLE, opendir
DIRHANDLE,EXPR, ord
EXPR, ord, pack
TEMPLATE,LIST, package, package
NAMESPACE, pipe
READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop
ARRAY, pop, pos
SCALAR, pos, print
FILEHANDLE
LIST, print
LIST, print, printf
FILEHANDLE
FORMAT,
LIST, printf
FORMAT,
LIST, prototype
FUNCTION, push
ARRAY,LIST, q/STRING/, qq/STRING/, qr/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/, quotemeta
EXPR, quotemeta, rand
EXPR, rand, read
FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read
FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir
DIRHANDLE, readline
EXPR, readlink
EXPR, readlink, readpipe
EXPR, recv
SOCKET,SCALAR,LEN,FLAGS, redo
LABEL, redo, ref
EXPR, ref, rename
OLDNAME,NEWNAME, require
EXPR, require, reset
EXPR, reset, return
EXPR, return, reverse
LIST, rewinddir
DIRHANDLE, rindex
STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex
STR,SUBSTR, rmdir
FILENAME, rmdir, s///, scalar
EXPR, seek
FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir
DIRHANDLE,POS, select
FILEHANDLE, select, select
RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl
ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget
KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop
KEY,OPSTRING, send
SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send
SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp
PID,PGRP, setpriority
WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt
SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift
ARRAY, shift, shmctl
ID,CMD,ARG, shmget
KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread
ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite
ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown
SOCKET,HOW, sin
EXPR, sin, sleep
EXPR, sleep, socket
SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair
SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort
SUBNAME
LIST, sort
BLOCK
LIST, sort
LIST, splice
ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice
ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH, splice
ARRAY,OFFSET, split
/PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split
/PATTERN/,EXPR, split
/PATTERN/, split, sprintf
FORMAT,
LIST, sqrt
EXPR, sqrt, srand
EXPR, srand, stat
FILEHANDLE, stat
EXPR, stat, study
SCALAR, study, sub
BLOCK, sub
NAME, sub
NAME
BLOCK, substr
EXPR,OFFSET,LEN,REPLACEMENT, substr
EXPR,OFFSET,LEN, substr
EXPR,OFFSET, symlink
OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall
LIST, sysopen
FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen
FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread
FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sysread
FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek
FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, system
LIST, system
PROGRAM
LIST, syswrite
FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite
FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, tell
FILEHANDLE, tell, telldir
DIRHANDLE, tie
VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied
VARIABLE, time, times, tr///, truncate
FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate
EXPR,LENGTH, uc
EXPR, uc, ucfirst
EXPR, ucfirst, umask
EXPR, umask, undef
EXPR, undef, unlink
LIST, unlink, unpack
TEMPLATE,EXPR, untie
VARIABLE, unshift
ARRAY,LIST, use Module
LIST, use Module, use Module
VERSION
LIST, use
VERSION, utime
LIST, values
HASH, vec
EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait, waitpid
PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn
LIST, write
FILEHANDLE, write
EXPR, write, y///
- DESCRIPTION
-
- Predefined Names
-
$ARG, $_, $<digits>,
$MATCH, $&,
$PREMATCH, $`,
$POSTMATCH, $',
$LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+,
$MULTILINE_MATCHING, $*, input_line_number
HANDLE
EXPR,
$INPUT_LINE_NUMBER,
$NR, $, input_record_separator
HANDLE
EXPR,
$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR,
$RS, $/, autoflush
HANDLE
EXPR,
$OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|, output_field_separator
HANDLE
EXPR,
$OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR,
$OFS, $,, output_record_separator
HANDLE
EXPR,
$OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR,
$ORS, $\,
$LIST_SEPARATOR, $``,
$SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR,
$SUBSEP, $;,
$OFMT, $#, format_page_number
HANDLE
EXPR,
$FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, format_lines_per_page
HANDLE
EXPR,
$FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, format_lines_left
HANDLE
EXPR,
$FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-, format_name
HANDLE
EXPR,
$FORMAT_NAME, $~, format_top_name
HANDLE
EXPR,
$FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^, format_line_break_characters
HANDLE
EXPR,
$FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS, $:, format_formfeed
HANDLE
EXPR,
$FORMAT_FORMFEED,
$^L,
$ACCUMULATOR,
$^A,
$CHILD_ERROR, $?,
$OS_ERROR,
$ERRNO, $!,
$EXTENDED_OS_ERROR,
$^E,
$EVAL_ERROR, $@,
$PROCESS_ID,
$PID, $$,
$REAL_USER_ID,
$UID, $<,
$EFFECTIVE_USER_ID,
$EUID, $>,
$REAL_GROUP_ID,
$GID, $(,
$EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID,
$EGID, $),
$PROGRAM_NAME, $0, $[,
$PERL_VERSION, $],
$DEBUGGING,
$^D,
$SYSTEM_FD_MAX,
$^F,
$^H,
$INPLACE_EDIT,
$^I,
$^M,
$OSNAME,
$^O,
$PERLDB,
$^P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20,
$^R,
$^S,
$BASETIME,
$^T,
$WARNING,
$^W,
$EXECUTABLE_NAME,
$^X,
$ARGV,
@ARGV,
@INC, @_,
%INC,
%ENV $ENV{expr}, %SIG $SIG{expr}
- Error Indicators
-
- SYNOPSIS
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- Private Variables via my()
-
- Peristent Private Variables
-
- Temporary Values via local()
-
- Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)
-
- When to Still Use local()
-
1. You need to give a global variable a temporary value, especially
$_, 2. You need to create a local file or directory handle or a local
function, 3. You want to temporarily change just one element of an array or
hash
- Pass by Reference
-
- Prototypes
-
- Constant Functions
-
- Overriding Builtin Functions
-
- Autoloading
-
- SEE ALSO
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- Packages
-
- Symbol Tables
-
- Package Constructors and Destructors
-
- Perl Classes
-
- Perl Modules
-
- SEE ALSO
-
More...
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