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sub validate_int {
    my $str = shift;
...
        || sprintf("%0*s", length $max, $str) gt $max;
    return 0+$str;
}

use warnings;
use strict;
...
ok exception { validate_int("999999999999999999999999999999999999") };

done_testing;

#!/usr/bin/env perl
use warnings;
...
first   4544/s     --   -70%   -90%
second 15386/s   239%     --   -67%
third  46631/s   926%   203%     --