sub rand_derangement { my $n = shift; return if $n == 1; ## no derangements of size 1 ## precompute $D[n] == number of derangements of size n my @D = (1,0); push @D, $#D * ($D[-1] + $D[-2]) while $#D < $n; my @A = (undef, 1 .. $n); my @mark = (1, (0) x $n); my ($i, $u) = ($n, $n); while ($u > 1) { if (! $mark[$i]) { my $j = 0; $j = 1 + int rand($i-2) while $mark[$j]; @A[$i,$j] = @A[$j,$i]; if ( rand(1) < ($u-1) * $D[$u-2] / $D[$u] ) { $mark[$j] = 1; $u--; } $u--; } $i--; } return @A[1..$n]; }