sub by_alias { $_[0]  =~ s/\s+//; }
sub by_alias2 { for ($_[0]) { s/\s+//; } }
sub by_alias3 { ${\$_[0]} =~ s/\s+//; }
sub by_ref { ${ $_[0] } =~ s/\s+//; }
sub by_ref2 { for (${ $_[0] }) { s/\s+//; } }